The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1393 Words

F. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where it would remain a common topic of writing to this day. Far below the partying and drinking front of F. Scott Fitzgerald lay a common man who wrote from the heart, and held nothing back. On September 24, 1896 in a quiet neighborhood of St. Paul Minnesota, Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born to Edward Fitzgerald and his wife, Mollie McQuillan Fitzgerald. Edward was from a wealthy old family in Maryland with relations to F. Scott’s namesake; Francis Scott Key. Mollie was a wealthy dau ghter of a native St. Paul family with extensive capital resources and social connections that extended across much of the northern Midwest (Lovelady, 1). The young couple had had two daughters before the birth of their son, but the first had died at age one, and the second at age three. F. Scott had one younger sister that survived, Anabelle, and she lived a long, complete life (Bruccoli, 11). F. Scott was often sick as a young child, and the family made frequent trips to the doctor (Bruccoli, 15). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around thatRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jazz Age was a period of great economic, social, and political change happening in the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, however, sees in this a time of boundaryless death, and urban decimation. The Great Gatsby is modeled towards the death of the American dream during the 1920’s. Based on the happening of the 1920’s, this model is certainly reasonable. F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby use the motifs of materialism, carelessness, and decay seen in the 1920’s in order to

Kant s Ethical Theory Of Abortion Essay - 1266 Words

Philosophy 5. What do you think Kant’s ethical theory tells us about the morality or immorality of abortion? Is it clear what utilitarianism tells us about abortion or euthanasia? Throughout the previous thirty-eight years ago since the U.S Supreme Court legalized abortion as a medical procedure, the topic of abortion has spurned several heated debates both socially and politically. In such a heightened contemporary context, it would be rather appropriate to consider the moral application of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, one of the greatest minds in the eighteenth centuries, to the enduring morality debate over abortion. Setting the discussion regarding the morality and immorality of abortion within the Kantian ethics framework provides one with a view that transition from the frequently inflammatory pro-choice and anti-abortion discussion points and towards a deep lucid, philosophical argument of such a controversial topic. Kant’s ethical theory regarding the immorality of a bortion highlights that every individual is endowed with some sense of dignity and respect. Based on Kant’s theory, all human behaviors as well as actions are done simply because are considered the right and appropriate things to be done. Additionally, people’s behaviors and actions are weight in terms of their moral appropriateness instead of any other terms or grounds. Kant would assert that the act of abortion is definitely immoral considering the fact that killing another person is illegal and thusShow MoreRelatedAn Overview Of The Ethical1407 Words   |  6 Pagesï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Abortion: An Overview of the Ethical ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼11/1/2015 Randy St.Cyr PHIL200 Introduction to Ethics Dr. Carrie Pettermin Issues ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ÃƒËœÃ¯Æ'Ëœ Various philosophers through the centuries have had a tremendous impact on the way modern society thinks. ØïÆ'Ëœ Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) influenced modern thinking with his â€Å"God is dead† philosophy. This meant that there was no longer any room for God in an enlightened and civilized society. ØïÆ'Ëœ John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) helped popularize the philosophy ofRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Abortion1847 Words   |  8 PagesVarious ethical issues result from abortion, however the main one s to be discussed are regarding whether abortion is considered the taking of human life, the mental state of a woman becoming a mother, and whose decision is it to determine whether they should be permitted. Ultimately, the most significant concepts surrounding abortion relate to the Value of Human Life and The Principal of Individual Freedom. The Value of Life refers to the idea that our lives are a basic ownership. Every personRead MoreCritically Evaluate Medical Ethics And Legal Issues1263 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical ethics and legal issues that govern good patient care. Health care professionals must make decisions based on ethical and legal issues to performance their regular duties. However, Medical ethics is not only about avoiding harm to patients. It is rather a norms, values and principles (Ethical theories 2015). Therefore norms, values and principles are intended to govern medical ethical conduct. Ethics is defined as â€Å"a standard of behaviour and a concept of right and wrong beyond what the legal considerationRead Morecategorical imperative2232 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Explain with examples, Kant s theory of the Categorical Imperative Kant believed that there is an objective moral law this meant, he did not depend on a point of view. If there is a moral law there is a duty to obey this law. To act morally, it is necessary to have a good will for example to help someone just because it would be the right thing to do in the certain situation. Morality is made up of categorical imperatives meaning that you should do something simply because they are theRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Death Of A Fetus1505 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciples which dictate what is considered as morally ‘good’ and ‘bad’. Abortion is defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy through a medical procedure which results in the death of a fetus. Within ethics, there are many arguments as to whether abortion should be permitted in society as many regard it as an act of murder and others simply see it as a decision that should be given to the mother only. The issue of abortion remains to be one of the most controversial topics in society, whichRead MoreUtilitarianism Vs. Kant s Deontology2126 Words   |  9 PagesConsequence and Principles: Utilitarianism vs. Kant s Deontology Both utilitarianism and deontology are normative ethical theories. Normative ethics is a branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one should morally act. (Meriam Webster Dictionary, 1) Utilitarianism and deontology have often been discussed throughout the history of ethics, and both have had many adaptations of the concepts. Utilitarianism is defined as a doctrine that theRead MorePlanned Parenthood : A Funded Program1712 Words   |  7 Pagesstages. Also, accessible birth control leads to a decline in abortion rates because less unwanted pregnancies exist. Not only does birth control prevent pregnancy but also provide women with actual health benefits including: a decreased risk of ovarian cancer, help with ovarian cysts and help with painful menstrual cycles.1 THE SEPARATION OF RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT A specific service provided by Planned Parenthood is abortion. Although abortion is legalized in America, it is still a controversial issueRead More Kant and Mills Theories Essay example2128 Words   |  9 PagesKant and Mills Theories In July of 1994, Paul J. Hill, a former Presbyterian minister and later a pro-life activist, was prosecuted for killing Dr. John Britton, an abortion performing doctor, and James Barrett, a volunteer, outside a clinic in Pensacola, Florida. Prior to this, Hill commented on the murder of Dr. David Gunn, another abortion performing doctor, stating that it was a â€Å"biblically justified homicide (P. 215).† This statement shows how strong Hill’s beliefs were and leads one toRead MoreEthical Code And Ethical Codes1259 Words   |  6 PagesA personal ethical code is something everyone has. People may be aware of it to different degrees, or have differing levels of definition, but no one is entirely unprincipled. Ethical codes may be based off different factors such as religion, society, and family. My personal ethical code is derived from simply one source, the writings of Immanuel Kant. I find that the code described by him is the only one that is truly justified, and the refore the only one I would be able to follow without cognitiveRead MoreThe, The Population Bomb, By Paul Ehrlich2041 Words   |  9 PagesIn the 1960’s America was in a period of extreme growth along with other developing countries. There were major concerns and even hysteria about the population surge. Policymakers, demographers, and the military all thought that the biggest threat to mankind was the rise in humans. They came up with many reasons, but it was agreed at the time that drastic measures would be needed to control the growth. The author of the book, â€Å"The Population Bomb†, Paul Ehrlich pointed out the parents of Indian and

Transportation and Distribution Asian Pacific Breweries

Question: Discuss about the Transportation and Distributionfor Asian Pacific Breweries. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyses how effective Heineken Asian Pacific has been to the market by transporting its product within Singapore and to other countries in Asia. The paper analyses the transport method used by the company and recommending on other methods which can be used to produce a high yield. The paper also reviews the carrier criteria used by t Heineken Asian Pacific and recommend on the best carrier system to be used for shipping and distributing different products of the business, and finally, the relationship management of the carrier is analyzed and recommendations for good relationships, Heineken Asian Pacific Asian Pacific Breweries (APB) which changed its name to Heineken Asian Pacific is an Asian breweries company founded in 1931 at Malayan Breweries Limited in a partnership between Fraser and Neave and Heineken International. It was renamed Asian Pacific Breweries APB 1n 1989, and in 2013, it merged with Heineken International and gotten its present name. The company sells over 40 variants and beer brands in 14 countries in the Asian Pacific, and it controls almost 30 breweries (Taveekitikun, 2008). APB has breweries in Mongolia, Singapore, Laos, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, New Caledonia, China, Vietnam, Solomon Island, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. The company controls the beer market in many of the Asia Pan Region, mainly in New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Cambodia, Malaysia, and China. In China, the beer continues to gain the market with the latest site to be established in Jia Shan, in Zhejiang Province a town close to Shanghai City. Heineken gets competition from other breweries like Guinness, Jameson, Southern Comfort and Amarula who are trying harder to get to Singapore market. There is also a threat from the soft drink like Coca-Cola and Pepsi which are a substitute for Heineken products. Incoterms Selection Consideration After the products of Heineken have been manufactured, they need a transport option on how the goods will reach the market. For the company transport strategy to be effective in chain management, they need not only to play one carrier against the other but to set good transport strategies. For the transport to be more effective, the company do not need to reduce the charge rate of delivering goods to their retailers, but they need to react to the dynamics of the business, its suppliers, operation, and clients (Carr and Stone, 2013). This strategy should be organized for the goods supplied within the nation and those being exported abroad. Heineken Asian Pacific has developed strategies to ensure that all their services are delivered to their retailers and their foreign branches. They have a large truck of Lorries which enable them to deliver their products all over Singapore, and their procurement department is well organized to ensure the quality of the service is achieved. As the company operates across Asia and other products in another part of the world, they ensure that the products requested from other parts of the world are shipped the following business day after the order is placed (Cavusgil, et al, 2014). However, for the transportation to be more efficient, the business should practice the following recommendations: Quick Services The company must ensure that their products are delivered faster so that good customer relation is maintained. Heineken will make their operations fast and accurate Employee Welfare The company will treat their employee carefully so that the system is continuous. Such that no more expenses is spent in recruiting and orientation but the same employee are used making the process first. Maintaining the employees will also increase the morale. SWOT Analysis The company should do the SWOT analysis to identify their strength, weaknesses, opportunity, and strength. They should capitalize on strength and opportunities. They should work on their weaknesses and also to avoid the threats. This will make the company relevant and competitive in the market. Customer Requirements The supply chain entails the movement of product from the producer to retailer to the customer. Therefore, Heineken Asian Pacific must implement policies that will meet the need of the customer. Customers value time and efficiency of the company hence the aspect of transportation is very vital for Heineken Asian Pacific (Rushton, et al, 2014). Shipment must move Timely Customer demand for their delivery to be shipped as per their preference. They need the product on the specified date, by the carrier of their choice, in proper shipping package method and full, both shipped delivered in good order and complete. When Heineken Asian Pacific have a transportation program that can deliver all this, customers will be satisfied with the arrangement of the company, and they will have competitive advantage over its competitors (Joshi, et al, 2014). CFR-CIF: This is the cost and freight-Cost, insurance and freight incoterm As a seller, you must be aware of the shippers liability for delivering well to the terminus. These incoterms are risk-free and recommended though they are competitive. They allow the company to manage the cost of international shipping to the ship cost-effectively and the destination port. This enables the company to compare and to get good rates from freight forward (Setamanit and Pipatwattana, 2015). DDP-DAP This is the Incoterm for Delivery Duty Paid-Delivered at Place Here the good are delivered to the warehouse of the customer or the nation of destination. The company is responsible for the good and everything that happens to the good before it is delivered to the warehouse. Therefore, they should be aware and able to manage possible complexities of the task. The delivery company can deliver to the company with poor road network or prone to the terror attack. The country can also have many restrictions causing the delay in delivery of goods. Carrier Selection Criteria The transport selection goal of the company is to: Maximize its survive To operate in the lowest transit cost possible The transport management of Heineken Asian Pacific must address specific shipping issues and choose a mode that favors the company in terms of cost, rates, and services offered by competitors, special needs, the possibility of the item being damaged, delivery delay, loss, and instructions of the client. In choosing the mode of transport, there are four principal that guides people and the company Comparison of other available firms offering the same transport system. The transport manager must ensure that the shipment characteristics is matched with the appropriate mode of transport. Speed and reliability of the method must also be considered before shipment is done. Carrier selection of the firm is to enable the firm to review the firm with cost cutting and service improvement. Mounting selection criteria service related/traffic related / shipper related/ Formation of good selection process that will take an interest in the company cost objectives and the customer Methods of Selection There are four selection models that Heineken Asian Pacific can use to select the best transport method they include: cost trade off, judgment, systematic selection 1 and distribution, models Judgement In this method, the transport manager identifies the vital factors affecting transport mode and transport problems from the shortlist of the available alternatives so that important features of the transport can be satisfied (Krishman, et al., 2014). The limitations of this approach are: Transport is not considered as part of distribution process, but it is considered as a service The approach only concentrates on transport, and some other essential factors are ignored The method can be biased since all the alternatives may know it be considered. The decision are made on operational availability hence the costs are not important Cost Trade Off the effect of shipping is calculated following the immediate activities and total costs. The existence of trade is recognized by this method off within many other available approaches in an attempt to assess the situation to reduce total cost. In this approach distribution system can be optimized Distribution model. Distribution approach identifies and illustrates the relationship between the composition of the distribution system at given levels, and this model is logical and mathematical. Operational conditions and practice are stimulated through this approach (Setamanit and Pipatwattana, 2015). Measuring and Benchmarking Heineken Asian Pacific should know how its strategies and carriers are working. This can be done using two approaches. The first mean is measuring, comparing standards and performance. The company should check the set standard, and how it performs such that when the standards are higher than performance, then the business must pull up and when the performance is higher than the standard then the business must put more effort to maintain and come up with strategies on how to maintain that Benchmarking means learning how other companies work. Carrier Relationship management The goal of the organization is to satisfy its customers by building a good reputation and providing good services. This can be achieved by following the customers instructions and delivering in time. Heineken Asian Pacific cannot achieve these goals single handed, but they need the support of carriers. The company has engaged in with many carrier services to ship their products making it more reliable and efficient but for this to be effective and the company to use lesser cost in shipping their products, they need to engage one reliable carrier service (Setamanit and Pipatwattana, 2015). Heineken Asian Pacific should choose the mode of shipping their products. When the order is being placed, the company should have the options of how urgent is the order so that they can choose suitable mode to ferry the demand. They should put in place cargo planes to ferry urgent orders in abroad and cargo Lorries to ship the orders within the country. They should also check on their transit time to ensure that the customer is satisfied as the vision of the business. This will create good relationship when the deadline is achieved. Carrier Relationship The number of carriers trying to meet with your business makes the business to develop the strategy for shipping. Frequent shipping also promotes the approach of the business. When the business supplies many items outside the country, it will attract the attention of other carrier services which will want to work for the business. Heineken Asian Pacific should not divide the business among many carriers instead it should work with one reliable carrier service. The carrier service should not be changed all the time because it will fracture the business of the company, lavage position, and negotiations. The second v will not be able to develop carrier alliances which need the business to acquire carrier chain services. Developing supply chain available programs requires a contribution of the carrier service and that of the company. Transport creates a competitive advantage for the company; therefore, it must be responsive (Graham, 2013). Effective carrier relationship enables the carrier to advocate on behalf of the client. The two interdepend on each other hence it is important to have a healthy relationship. Without the carrier services, the business is unable to ship its product and to earn the profit, and without the company, the carrier company will have nothing to ship hence the business will be useless. Due to this the relationship between the businesses must be strong. The benefits the company can get from strong relationship are The current shippers can get discount from the company The rapport between the two will last for long, and they will aim in achieving their goals The company will be updated in case of any emerging issue hence they will be prepared The company can cost save by getting freight data and the analysis of shipment and give on time shipment report and capacity report. The rapport can be strengthened by reaching shippers even when it is not the time to negotiate freight rates (Grimm, 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, transporting products to the warehouse and the retailers from the manufacturing plant in the region, within the country and international can value to half of the company logistic costs. When the cost of international sourcing and the transportation to the customer are added, then the costs can be much higher. Therefore the company needs to use transportation management solution that gives the company the resource and visibility at a low cost. This is done whether the carriers are managed, a dedicated fleet is created, and reliability and control over the movement of the product to the customer are needed the company must ensure that they use effective transport system that will enable the goods to reach their destinations. This can be chosen by analyzing the type of good to be shipped and how agent the goods are (Taveekitikun, 2008). It is also recommended that before the DDP-DAP incoterm is used the carrier company must know the topography of the area and the road network system. Also, the relationship between the supplier and the cargo company must be maintained so that the services provided might be easy and first. It is advisable that the supplier engages few companies which can provide them with better services rather than be gaining many corporations and not creating a good rapport (Johnson, 2015). References Carr, I., Stone, P. (2013). International trade law. Routledge. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014). International business. Pearson Australia. Choudhary, D., Shankar, R. (2013). Joint decision of procurement lot-size, supplier selection, and carrier selection. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 19(1), 16-26. Graham, A. (2013). Understanding the low cost carrier and airport relationship: A critical analysis of the salient issues. Tourism Management, 36, 66-76. Grimm, C. M. (2015). Low Cost Carriers: Emergence, Expansion and Evolution. In Journal of the Transportation Research Forum (Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 117-118). Transportation Research Forum. Johnson, E. (2015). Setting the benchmark: successful transportation benchmarking depends on proper alignment with a company's strategic goals. American shipper (Jacksonville, Fla.: 1991). Joshi, R., Choi, H., Pardo-Castellote, G., Thiebaut, S. S. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,671,135. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Krishnan, V. I. J. A. Y. K. U. M. A. R., Groza, M. D., Groza, M. P., Fredricks, E. (2014). Linking Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Process to Sales Performance. The role of CRM Technology Effectiveness. Marketing Management Journal, 24(2), 162-171. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014). The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Setamanit, S. O., Pipatwattana, A. (2015). Criteria for ocean freight carrier selection: A perspective of Japanese automotive company in Thailand. ASBBS E-Journal, 11(1), 89. Taveekitikun, T. (2008). Heineken in Asia Pacific. (Journal of Management Sciences), 25(1), 41-46.

Comparison of Capco’s Structure and Culture with another organization

Question: ExplainComparison of Capcos Structure and Culture with another organization. Answer: Organizational Structure and Culture Comparison of Capcos Structure and Culture with another organization The organization structure is an element that dictates the relationship of roles in an organization, and thereof, how does each of the participants of a company functions. It basically determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated and how the information is exchanged at the various levels of the management. In the same way, Organizational Culture of the workplace also goes a long way in promoting healthy competition at the workplace (Business Case Studies LLP, 2016). As the organizational culture of Capco is innovative and entrepreneurial, hence its structure is non-hierarchical, team-driven and flat. In this flat structure, there occur a number of matrix structures for specific projects. This allotment is temporary and on completion of the project the employee moves to a different project assisting an entirely different team. The culture of the company is specifically built to foster flexibility and creativity and at the same time pro mote individuality, integrity and freedom of expressions among the employees (Corkindale, 2011). Albridge solutions, one of the toughest competitors of the Capco, has an entirely different organizational structure, but the culture bears a number of similarities (Inc., 2014). The company, on the contrary, follows a hierarchical structure in which the Contact Center reports to the Managing Director and Senior Vice President, which in turn report specifications to the higher authorities including the CEO and the President. Such a hierarchical structure has many layers and a long chain of command from the top to the bottom layer. As in this structure, there is a narrow span of control; hence this type of tall structure ensured effective control of the organization. However, the culture of Albridge is exactly same to that of the Capco as it also considers its employees as the major assets. Like the former company, it also has an open door policy that carries out a number of amendments on a regular basis to listen and address to the employees concerns (MSG Experts, 2016). The only dif ference that is noteworthy to be pointed is that the company has devised its strategies in such a way that the chances of risk-taking are minimal and hence innovations are not readily welcomed by the company members. Hence the culture of the Capco could be defined as that of Adhocracy type while that of Albridge could be of Clan type. Explanation of impact of relationship between Capcos structure and Organization on performance of its operations As Capco is having a flat, non-hierarchical structure, hence the decision making power lies within all the participants of the company in an unbiased form. This fact is also reflected in the culture of the company as the thoughts and viewpoints of all the members of the team are required over every crucial decision of the company. Hence the structure of Capco serves as a framework for the culture to be implemented. As the company considers all its human resources as an important one, hence, the communication among the employees has a deep impact on their performance as well as on the operations and output of the firm (Janicijevic, 2013). A flat organizational structure promises a quick flow of information as the number of levels within the company is very less. Also, as Capco has always been known to support the concept of innovation and readily accept the thoughtful ideas of all its employees, hence the company has a number of solutions when it faces any sort of problem. The non hierarchical structure has been continuously supported by the innovative culture of the company and this fact could be proven by the increasing revenue of the firm in the past decades (Brighton school of business and management, 2016). This amalgamation has also helped the firm to withstand with the rising competition in the business world due to the establishment of a number of similar firms offering better innovative services. The promotion of individual expressions without any restriction has led the firm to collect myriads of perceptions towards a single problem and hence develop the most potential solution for it. As there is no clear leader in the firm due to its non-hierarchical structure, hence, it gives each of its employees a rise and high job satisfaction due to individual participation. This all in turn improves the operations of the firm simply because motivated employees discharge better services (Team, 2015). Discussion of factors that influence individual behavior There are myriads of factors that have a substantial influence on the behavior of an individual associated with the organization and have a direct impact on the quality of services delivered by the firm. The main factors in this case identified for the firm Capco are: Leadership: The managers and other executives of the firm have a great influence on the behavior of their subordinates and it has been an ultimate responsibility of these leaders to set a perfect direction for their followers. As the company is following a non-hierarchical structure, hence, there is no such pure concept of leader and subordinates. But the firm is still filled with a number of highly skilled and experienced working people that have engaged themselves in guiding the fresh recruited talents (Kashyap, 2015). These people have always been a strong source of inspiration for the ones who have recently become the part of the Capco family. Job Responsibilities: The researchers at the global level have already proven that it is impossible for a person to deliver the best of his abilities when he is subjected to stress. Hence, the overburdened working hours also alters the individual behavior, developing an aversion towards the workplace. Instead of over-burdening, the employees could be encouraged to upgrade their skills time to time (Mathur Gupta, 2012). Personal Characteristics: There are a number of personal characteristics like age, gender, geographic conditions, physical appearance, marital status, etc. that has a both direct as well as an indirect influence on the quality of the performance of the employees and also on their behavior at the workplace. For instance, a married woman will pay more heed towards her home and family rather than her work and this will be a major reason behind her absenteeism. Similarly, performance tends to decline with advancing age because elderly people have less stamina and even do not easily get adapted to the changes occurring in their environment. Even the young ones, being a bit reckless and carefree, tend to shift jobs more easily. Different approaches to Management and leadership Comparison of effectiveness of different leaderships The type of leadership styles varies according to the variations in the functioning of companies. Myriad forms of leadership style include Authoritative, Coercive, Affiliated, Democratic, Pacesetting and Coaching. As already discussed that Capco has never followed a true hierarchical structure in the organizations management, hence, the occurrence of specific leaders is not often seen. Yet, the experiences and skilled employees of the firm follows a number of tactful strategies adopted from the above mentioned leadership styles to guide their followers and the ones who are new to the culture of the company. The company is known to follow different leadership style at different point of time. When compared to the other companies of the same genre like Albridge solutions, Argo, Copp Clark limited, etc., then the company is said to have followed a number of leadership styles simultaneously at the same time to yield better results (Johannsen, 2014). On the contrary the firms like Albridg e is known to follow a single leadership type at a single point of time evaluate its results and then accordingly either stick to a particular style for a long duration or immediately switch to another one for a better set of results. The firm follows Authoritarian leadership when there has to be an establishment of close control over the workforce and the words of the decision maker are final. In the times of crisis, the executives have followed a Coercive style in which the leader takes the whole of the charge and invites no contrary opinions. The Affiliated Leadership is normally followed in the firm as it promotes harmony among the workers and helps in resolving the conflicts by mutual communication. The Pacesetting Leadership produces leaders who lead by examples, i.e. in order to incorporate any change the leaders first of all apply it on themselves first and then on their subordinates. The Coaching Leadership is used when the firm wants to develop people for the future. This style builds lasting personal strengths in the workers to make them more successful overall (Benincasa, 2012). The above mentioned styles are temporary, but Democratic Leadership is the most permanent one in the company as it is in compliance with the organizational culture of the firm. In this type the leaders and the followers work as a team and all are involved in the decision-making process. Explanation of how organizational theories have influenced the practice of management The emerging issues in the company could be resolved and addressed by specific organizational theories by highlighting specific organizational problems. As the company expands, its working strategies, also change a lot and here the actual work of organizational theories begin as they address several crucial questions about how a company works. The Scientific Management Theory supplies the systematic management movement with coherent ideological foundation. This theory has the force on the formal study of management, which precisely includes planning, organizing, leading and controlling. When these elements are dealt with a practical and a formal way, then there are sure chances of good management of the operational issues within the firm. The essentials of this theory also have a potential to influence the on the business policies of the company (Agbim, 2013). Human Relation Theory or Behavioral Management Theory tends to focus more on the individuals at the workplace rather than the places, process and the procedures. This theory creates a great communication channel between the employees and managers which allows them to freely interact with one another and take wise decisions over a problem. This theory adopted by the Capco has allowed it to develop a number of productive workers who can lead a company to achieve its goals on time. This theory has allowed Capco to improve its employee retention rate as well as has also accelerated its productivity by manifolds (Cardoso, 2014). This is entirely due to a single fact the Human relation theory has a tendency to associate a great value with all its employees and hence they automatically form a productive workforce that delivers its services in a better manner. Evaluation of different approaches to management The managers, all over the globe, have till now adopted a number of approaches to management. As the perceptions and needs of the workers have changed with the evolution in the business practices, the older management approaches are also replaced by the more efficient ones. Capco has always paid a great heed to its workers and has considered them as its major asset. Hence the approach being followed here is the Scientific Management approach. This approach is concerned with the recognition of actual doable things of the workers and what all economic feasible measures does the company adopts making its workforce to do such things in an allotted time slot (Fayol, 2012). The crucial elements of a successful business, including Job analysis, Recruitment process and Training of the employees, all are carried out in the presence of scientific tools so that the physical activities in the job can be better balanced and organized. Moreover, this practical approach also helps the managers to s eek out one of the best ways of doing a job. The other available approaches, frequently being adopted by the competitors of Capco includes Administrative, Bureaucratic and a number of Neo Classical Approaches. For instance, Albridge follows approaches like Socio-technical, Cooperative, Group-Behavior and Human Relation Approach. Although, Capco has also adopted these new approaches with time, but, it hasnt demolished the older ones. Apart from these neoclassical approaches, the Administrative approach believes that the practice of management is quite distinct from the other organizational functions prevailing in the company and the Bureaucratic Approach believes that there should be long-chain of commands in the firm and the subordinates have to obligatory follow such commands without getting themselves involved in the decision making process (Parra Marengi, 2011). These approaches were successful when the concept of Hierarchical organizational structure was followed, but as soon as the non-hierarchical structure developed and all the members of a firm began to interact with one another over a crucial decision, then the neoclassical approaches rapidly replaced the classical ones. Application of Motivational Theories Discussion of the impact of different leadership styles on motivation A motivated workforce is said to perform better than a non-motivated one and this is entirely due to a fact that when an employee is happy and satisfies with his job and workspace culture then he tends to deliver the best of his services. The importance of employee motivation is closely associated with the leadership style being followed and it cannot be downplayed (Men, 2010). Leadership and its styles play a crucial role in determining the level of motivation among the subordinates. As it is mentioned in the earlier section that Capco and other similar organizations are known to follow different types of leadership styles at different point of time, according to the requirements of the changing business and management practices, hence the impact of these styles on motivation among the workers varies from one style to another (Neves Galvao, 2013). When following an Autocratic style, the managers do not entertain a much involvement of their subordinates in the decision making process. This makes the employees to believe that their leaders are capable enough to make decisions and hence motivate them by establishing a firm confidence in the managers ability to make productive decisions for the firm. On the contrary, the Democratic style follows a motivational tactic of Inclusion which involves all the subordinates in the crucial decisions of the firm (America's Job Exchange, 2016). This approach allows a formation of an emotional attachment of the employees with the companys success and betterment as they have been a major part of the firm while the policies and processes of the firm were being crafted. Whatever is the leadership style being followed in the firm, the pivotal aim of the leaders is to make the followers satisfied with the actions of the firm and gain their loyalty towards the company. The more happy and satisfied a re the employees, the more are the chances of increment in the productivity and revenue of the firm (Root, 2015). Comparison of application of motivational theories The employee satisfaction, in this era of business, is quite crucial. Almost all the companies of a particular genre offer similar types of incentives and wages to its employees. Hence, in this case, the employee seeks that firm which is able to offer him satisfaction and a proper balance between his personal and professional life. As Capco has been an employee-oriented company, hence Maslows Motivation Theory is more applicable within the organizational setting of the firm. This is because the other theory, i.e. Herzberg Theory of Motivation only talks about an increment in the productivity level of the firm, disregarding the equal importance of the employee satisfaction (Difference between Admin, 2014). Maslow, through his theory, has mentioned that workers are motivated by having each level of their needs met in order as they move up the hierarchy. For this, he has also suggested a hierarchy of needs, comprising of 5 different levels of human needs that are to be fulfilled step by step by the mangers at the workplace. This theory, on the contrary, to the Herzberg theory, focuses on a fact that it is the core responsibility of the managers to recognize that workers are not all motivated in the same way and even do not move up the hierarchy at the same pace (Hartzell, 2016). Hence, the company is seen to offer a variety of incentives that differ from worker to worker. The Herzberg theory, being a two-factor theory, talks about the relationship between employee satisfaction and levels of motivation. Although, employee satisfaction is a crucial element of this theory, yet it fails to recognize it over the productivity of the firm. While the former talks about the needs that are to be f ulfilled in order to motivate a person, the latter one talks about the causes of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Although Capco has promoted the thought of Maslow till now, yet the Herzbergs theory is the most widely adapted theory by most of the leading firms as it candidly explains the factors that leads to motivation and demotivation among the employees (Riley, 2015). Explanation of the necessity of managers to understand and apply motivation theories Organizations set particular goals for it and the employees working as a part of the organization aide in achieving those goals. An organization fails to achieve these goals on time due to the presence of a number of de-motivated employees. This creates a need for understanding individual behavior for creation of effective motivational tactics and even for following good management and leadership practices (Ganta, 2014). Motivation theories are known to provide a deep insight into the process of making an employee a better asset for the firm. The elements of these theories provide effective tools to the managers that help them to evaluate what all changes are to be incorporated to make the employees better. When there is a lack of knowledge among the managers about the motivational theories, then they tend to believe that monetary incentives are the only way of motivating the staff. Hence, the theories help the leaders to analyze the fact that different employees have different needs and expectations with the firm and they are to be met in varying ways (Shanks, 2012). A good understanding of motivational theories not only help the managers to overall increase the performance level of the employees, but also helps them to retain the knowledge of the motivated employees for a longer period. This is due to a fact that the motivated and satisfied employees become more loyal towards the firm and never leaves the firm in times of crisis. The motivational theories, if applied in compliance to the operations of the firm, helps in achieving specialization among the employees and even aide them in acquiring the key skills needed for delivering better services to the company (Pardee, 1990). Factors that enhance the effectiveness of teamwork within organizations Explanation of the nature of groups and group behavior A group is a collection of people who have regular contact and a proper communication. The activities of an individual in a group have an influence on other members of the group. All the constituent members of the firm work in a close collaboration to achieve the goals. At present, there are a number of groups acting at Capco to improve its performance and give an additional lead over the other similar firms in the race. There are two types of basic groups within the Capco namely Formal and Informal (Ashraf, 2011). The formal group is created in an organization with a vision to complete a specific goal or simply a task. These groups are formed by the senior executives of the firm by consulting with the leaders of the firm. On the contrary, Informal groups are generally formed by the workers themselves who wants to interact with one another. These groups are generally formed not for a specific purpose, but only because the members of the group begin to enjoy each others company. Whatever is the type of the group in an organization, all the groups work to lead the organization and take major decisions for the organization. The groups also play a role in the planning for the Capcos future improvement and contribution to the society and the country. Group behavior is a way in which the members of a group behave or react in big or small situations. As already mentioned that Capco comprises of a large number of both formal and informal groups, hence all the groups tactfully react to the adverse economic conditions and also supports the firm with a huge number of innovative solutions for a single problem (Codreanu, 2010). But it would be an ideal condition if these groups always react in a positive manner towards the problems. In such a case, the essentials of a strong leadership unit plays its roles by forming groups of skilled and strong people to face the challenges involved in the business world. Discussion of the factors that affect the development of the teamwork To achieve myriads of goals quickly and easily, Capco has always promoted an idea of teamwork in its working strategies. Team members work in a close collaboration to develop innovative solutions for a problem. As teamwork holds a crucial position in management principles of Capco, hence, it is affected by a number of factors prevailing in the firm. These factors both have a complementary as well as an inhibitory impact on the effectiveness of the teamwork. Few of the identified factors are: Understanding of Goals: A team is formed basically, to achieve a goal, but if the team members are not fully aware of the actual goals of the firm and they are not even able to prioritize the primary and secondary goals then it becomes quite difficult for the managers to effectively implement activities and tasks to the teams. Hence, there has to be a deep understanding of the goals by the team workers who are constantly working to achieve them. Compensation Schemes: Compensation can have a double sided impact on the effectiveness of teamwork. When a team member gets to know that their hard work will be compensated with good incentives, then they work harder for the benefit of the firm. But this could also prove harmful for the firm because when staff members receive such compensation, then they begin to associate hard work with rewards, awards and compensation only (Root, 2016). Occurrence of Conflicts: Conflicts, most of the time, have a detrimental impact on the effectiveness of teamwork, because when ideas of people do not match then they always indulge into conflicts. Sometimes these conflicts could be easily resolved, but sometimes they can also exaggerate and ends up in court. Communication: As Capco follows a flat structure of the organization, hence all the members of the company are treated at a same level. In such a case, it is the elements of communication that always maintains a good flow of thoughts among all the members of the firm. Hence, a company needs to have strong grounds for communication so as to develop a confusion free working environment in the organization (Heathfield, 2016). Evaluation of impact of technology on team functioning Capco has always been known to apply a number of technological reformations in its management principles and the type of services it delivers to its customers. The technological reformations are incorporated by the executives and their subordinates to gain specific achievements for the organization. The technology has also accelerated the process of communication as a number of tools are available as a part of technological advancement. For instance, e-mails allow asynchronous communication which does not require team members to be at the same place at the same time. Similarly, computers and mobiles have also made communication and computation quickly and easily (Raulea, 2010). Technological tools are also efficiently used by the managers to deliver crucial lectures to their subordinates and even hold meetings with the ones situated in remote areas. For instance, during meetings, projectors are used to display information and ideas using slide shows. Other tools of technology used in communication include Teleconferencing, Video Conferencing, Chat Rooms, Voicemails, Faxes, Computer-mediated Conferencing (CMC), etc. The technology has also allowed the introduction of a new concept known as Virtual Team which allows the employees to connect and communicate in real time around the globe. This concept has led to the involvement of the people round the clock instead of just eight hours. Wider groups or networks can be involved, which means a great number of brains applied to the problem. Technology in the Capcos teams also improves the efficiency of screening, recruiting and hiring potential candidates (Gagnon Dragon, 2008). The leader of the teams could spread the messages of hiring new talents through internet. Also, Office technology saves time by speeding up the workflow process. Bibliography Agbim, K. C., 2013. The Impact of Organizational Structure and Leadership Styles on Innovation. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), Jan. - Feb, 6(6), pp. 56-63. America's Job Exchange, 2016. The Importance of Employee Motivation. The Importance of Employee Motivation. Ashraf, T., 2011. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR.: UNESCO, Available at: https://www.unesco.org/education/aladin/paldin/pdf/course02/unit_14.pdf Benincasa, R., 2012. 6 Leadership Styles, And When You Should Use Them. 6 Leadership Styles, And When You Should Use Them, 29 May. Brighton school of business and management, 2016. Is There a Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture?. Is There a Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture?. Business Case Studies LLP, 2016. Organisational structures and cultures. Organisational structures and cultures. Cardoso, M., 2014. Taylor's Scientific Management Principles in Current Organizational Management Practices: Hanken School of Economics. Codreanu, A., 2010. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: A MATTER OF INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP BEHAVIOR TRANSFORMATION. Journal of Defense Resources Management, 1(1), pp. 1-8. Corkindale, G., 2011. The Importance of Organizational Design and Structure. The Importance of Organizational Design and Structure, 11 February. Difference between Admin, 2014. Difference Between Maslow and Herzberg Theory of Motivation. Difference Between Maslow and Herzberg Theory of Motivation, 26 October. Fayol, 2012. The Different Approaches and Systems of Management, Available at: https://managementconsultingcourses.com/Lesson12TheDifferentApproachesSystemsOfManagement.pdf Gagnon, Y. Dragon, J., 2008. The impact of technology on organizational performance. The Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(1), pp. 19-31. Ganta, V. C., 2014. MOTIVATION IN THE WORKPLACE TO IMPROVE THE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, November, 2(6), pp. 1-10. Hartzell, S., 2016. The Needs Theory: Motivating Employees with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. The Needs Theory. Heathfield, S. M., 2016. Teamwork Success: Factors in Teamwork Success. Teamwork Success: Factors in Teamwork Success. Inc., C., 2014. Albridge Solutions official website. [Online] Available at: https://www.ccemployerofchoice.com/registry-albridge.html Janicijevic, N., 2013. THE MUTUAL IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND STRUCTURE, Available at: https://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0013-3264/2013/0013-32641398035J.pdf Johannsen, M., 2014. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLES. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP STYLES, 09 March, Available at: https://www.legacee.com/types-of-leadership-styles/ Kashyap, D., 2015. Top 3 factors affecting individual behaviour. Top 3 factors affecting individual behaviour. Mathur, S. Gupta, S., 2012. Outside Factors Influencing Behavior of Employees in Organizations. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, February, 2(1), pp. 1-3. Men, L. R., 2010. Measuring the Impact of Leadership Style and Employee Empowerment on Perceived Organizational Reputation MSG Experts, 2016. Importance of Organization Culture. Importance of Organization Culture. Neves, C. Galvao, A., 2013. Management Leadership Styles and their impact on the motivation of staff of the third sector, Available at: https://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/Dubrovnik/MATREFC/MATREFC-15.pdf Pardee, R., 1990. TITLE Motivation Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor McClelland. A Literature Review of Selected Theories Dealing with Job Satisfaction and Motivation., s.l.: s.n. Parra, R. Marengi, J., 2011. APPROACHES TO ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT, Available at: https://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0273757342.pdf Raulea, C., 2010. The impact of electronic communication technology on teamwork, Available at: https://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Corfu/COMPUTERS/COMPUTERS2-48.pdf Riley, J., 2015. Motivation - Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs). Motivation - Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs). Root, G., 2016. Factors Affecting Effective Teamwork. Factors Affecting Effective Teamwork, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-affecting-effective-teamwork-965.html Root, G. N., 2015. How Managers With Different Leadership Styles Motivate Their Teams. How Managers With Different Leadership Styles Motivate Their Teams. Shanks, N. H., 2012. Management and motivation: Jones and bartlett publishers, Available at: https://www.jblearning.com/samples/076373473X/3473X_CH02_4759.pdf Team, U., 2015. Relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture. Relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture, 23 March.

How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism

Classical Liberalism developed from ideas and events in the late Medieval and Renaissance periods, and generated dramatic results during the Industrial Revolution, but its increasingly visible weaknesses generated many critiques that coalesced into Modern Liberalism from the 1800s onwards. Modern Liberalism thus developed as a reaction to the ideas of Classical Liberalism, although it also built on many discussions that were part of Classical Liberalism’s genesis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed: The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The origins of Modern Liberalism range from the anti-industrialism of the Luddites, to the Utopian visions of the early Socialists, to the readiness for violent revolutionary action of committed Communists. In all instances, these ideas were intend ed to mitigate the ill effects of Classical Liberalism, especially in Great Britain. As these negative impacts became more clearly visible, and their costs rose, there was more room for a critique of the deficiencies of what modern observers would now term laissez-faire capitalism. The ideas of Modern Liberalism have had widespread reverberations down to the present, although there is still active debate about their impact and validity. Both Classical Liberalism and Modern Liberalism found fertile ground in England, her colonies, and Commonwealth for many reasons. The country had a history of citizen activism, notably the Magna Charta (MonarchUK, 2011). The nation’s island status forced it to seek offshore fortunes, creating thereby a category of staggering wealthy folk with no hereditary, feudal tradition. The colonies opened windows on flourishing egalitarian aboriginal societies without Greco-Roman heritage. Additionally, scientific innovations drastically changed the way goods were manufactured (Raico, 1992). The nation, thanks to Henry VIII, was also conveniently detached from Rome’s authority (Hunt, 2003, p. 32). England thus became a pocket-sized generator of individualistic and somewhat democratic ideas and practices (although egalitarianism took longer). The ideas of Classical Liberalism arose logically from the discoveries and circumstances that existed before. Between the fall of Rome in the 5th century, and the Renaissance, the grip of the Church, the monarchy, and the monarchy’s deputies, the nobility, was largely unshaken. Kings , in an effort to regain re-establish Rome’s regional peace and stability, claimed rule by divine right, (in a supposed direct line of authorization from the Christian disciple, Peter, who was the first Bishop of Rome) (Raico, 1992) .Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, the monarch could endow a favored subject with both land and the residents thereon. Such serfs, prohibited from moving, occupied a position equivalent to a cow. Their noble master appropriated a portion of their produce, and could sell or trade their labor with neighbors, or use them for halberd fodder in frequent conflicts (Hunt, 2003, p. 5). The Church, the other great power (Hunt, 2003, p. 7), owned enormous properties with serfs as well (Hunt, 2003, p. 6). This situation of feudal power persisted with few interruptions for centuries. The Church, it must be noted, was the primary safety net for the poor or marginalized until the Elizabethan era in many areas (Hunt, 2003, p. 33). However, many circumstances upset this equilibrium. The Crusades exposed great numbers of people to at least one different, vibrant, self-assured religion, rising in influence – namely, Islam. Given that the Crusades took them into North Africa, it also seems reasonable to infer that these Christian knights ex perienced indigenous religions as well. This increased contact opened up new vistas for trade (such as those pursued by Marco Polo) and brought home new wealth, and new styles in architecture, music, and dress, at the very least (Hunt, 2003, p. 17). This contact also re-introduced Europeans to ideas in medicine, natural science and other useful topics from ancient pagan texts preserved in Islamic libraries. The human-centered, individualistic, rational perspective of these texts promoted Renaissance ferment (Corrigan, 2011) (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 106). They may have also contributed to the growing critique of the Church’s abuses, culminating in the Reformation (Hunt, 2003, p. 36). Thinkers such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, following the humanist, individualist trends in Renaissance philosophy, proposed mutually opposing views of humans quite distinct from the Church’s, implying novel roles for government (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 106). Humans, in Lockeâ €™s view, were born good (although selfish (Hunt, 2003, p. 44)), an idea potentially conflicting with Catholicism’s concept of original sin. Locke believed that government’s role was protecting life, private property, and liberty, a concept enshrined in US founding documents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed: The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hobbes believed that humans’ intrinsic selfishness must be prevented from allowing mutual damage through a strong ruler’s control, which also conflicted with the previous (Christian) ideal of selflessness, a notion to which Margaret Lavinia Anderson alludes (Anderson). There was also a prevailing irritation with the Elizabethan Poor Laws, which many thoughtful people saw as encouraging idleness and blocking use ful workers from moving to where there was demand (Anderson) (Hunt, 2003, p. 45). As governmental power shifted, not without violence, from monarch to a Parliamentary body (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 108), thinkers examined how even a group (as opposed to a single tyrannical monarch) could act oppressively, and how to avert this. The ideas of Charles de Montesquieu, namely that government’s power needed limitation through separation of its powers (executive, legislative, judicial), found a welcome in the fledgling US government (Raico, 1992). Jeremy Bentham articulated the view that government ought to be seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Anderson). John Stuart Mill, who was influenced by Bentham, asserted that the individual and the minority needed protection from the majority. He also asserted that government’s place was not to legislate behavior that caused no harm . While our understanding of ‘harm’ has evolved substantiall y, e.g., how industrial practices damage health, this idea still exerts powerful appeal. Adam Smith suggested that a complete absence of regulations or controls on commerce and industry would allow individuals to operate maximally in their own best interests. Smith asserted that the ‘invisible hand’ would combine these individual efforts to ensure national success. This idea appealed to entrepreneurs, to whom the health of workers and the environment were irrelevant. Of course, as it transpired, the beneficiaries of such freedom of action were mill owners, not workers (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 112-113). Thus, Classical Liberalism’s early hold on England seemed to demonstrate successes (Raico, 1992). Energetic entrepreneurs amassed fortunes and increased the nation’s apparent wealth. However, horrors resulted from their unregulated activities. Initially, machines replaced and uprooted many from traditional employment, crafts, residence, subsistence agr iculture, and social connections. Child labor, unsafe conditions, and ludicrously long hours abounded, with no means of redress. Although free to leave an abusive situation, they were not necessarily free to find another equivalent job, or to undertake a lucrative craft. Thus, workers were essentially trapped in ghastly circumstances (Anderson).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These abuses drew attention from those directly affected, as well as thinkers and activists in various fields. The Luddite laborers took direct, violent action against the machines themselves. The Chartists attempted to broaden the voting franchise to allow the workers to have a say in regulating industry (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 132-133) (Chartists.net, 2011). Others did more than merely offer an articulate critique of the status quo under Classical Liberalism. David Ricardo mathematically quantified the Iron Law that wages fall to subsistence levels, if left without interference (Anderson). The Utopian Socialists proposed that citizen health and welfare was as important a function of government as the assurance of profit. The Fabians, one example of Utopian Socialists, proposed that the economy gradually move towards a more cooperative state. Robert Owens, an innovative industrialist, attempted to implement his ideas tangibly (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 134-135) . He trie d to establish a community free of private property, free of religion, and free of sexual inequality (marriage), but, as noted by Margaret Lavinia Anderson, his impractical management was impractical forced him to sell out and get out. He did inspire an early union precursor (Anderson). The Frenchman Charles Fourier proposed equally detailed, and dramatic reform ideas. He recommended establishing small communities of people representing all human personalities, and held together by his notion of ‘passionate attraction’ to the general welfare, living in rational structures called phalanstà ¨res. Fourier also wanted to create ways of working that did not enslave, brutalize, and alienate the worker. This is the sort of appropriation of control represented by the enchanted broom The Sorcerer’s Apprentice portion of the Disney movie Fantasia, as noted by Margaret Lavinia Anderson (Anderson). He inspired people all over, such as Horace Greeley, the New York journalist , who attempted a Fourier utopian community. Some of Fourier’s adherents in Russia were sent to Siberia for their efforts. Charles Dickens brilliantly satirized the moral bankruptcy of the Classical Liberal industrial system for a wide and popular audience. He lampooned industrialists’ abuse of workers (e.g., Hard Times), miserably inadequate charitable institutions (e.g., Oliver Twist), and public callousness (for example, A Christmas Carol). Given the power of his work to move modern audiences, it is easy to envision his influence on his contemporaries on the issues of industrialization and economic inequality. There were also efforts by industrialists themselves, at various times and places, to compensate for capitalism’s shortcomings. Factory owners tried to provide homes, schools, recreation, and similar amenities to appease factory workers. Though apparently admirable, this did not prevent trade union activism and violence, and continued resistance to, and criticism of, classical liberalism. There was also an Irish famine, and widespread population pressure in the early decades of the 1800s. This demographic explosion was initially supported by agriculture and manufacturing innovations. However, the dramatic starvation clearly revealed classic liberalism’s imperfections. Margaret Lavinia Anderson contends that this population and famine issue was an important backdrop and element in all the thinking, writing, and conflict of the period (Anderson). There was another strain of thinking in the 1800s that sought to uproot the very foundations of economies. Marxism adopted the cloak of science for his brand of socialism. He was affected in the development of his own ideas by Hegel’s vision of history as a logical, intelligible process, termed the dialectic. Marx’s own perspective, which he called historical materialism, predicted that workers must, eventually, rise up when they accumulate enough numbers and consciousn ess, as capitalism inevitability broke down. They must inevitably transform society by revolution, appropriating both ownership of the means of production, and control of government, from the bourgeoisie (Anderson). In his model of communism, the community owned everything of value. This ideology had its own complex narrative, affecting widely varying nations all across the world to this day. The Great Depression was a dramatic revelation of capitalism’s fallibility (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 145). In the Great Depression, the economist John Maynard Keynes proposed to moderate the inevitable cycles of capitalism by proactive government spending or savings. Counter-cyclical spending, would, Keynes believed, soften the painful extremes of boom and bust (Perspectives on Ideology, pp. 146-149). This idea is being discussed in detail, at this very moment in the USA. The actual result, for a number of nations, of the application of Modern Liberalism, has been the creation of the welfare state (Perspectives on Ideology, p. 149). The government fills in when employers do not pay enough to support the necessities of life, or when employment is unavailable. This has the potential for some of the same negative effects as the Poor Laws that Ricardo noted earlier on. It is accused by modern conservatives – nearly daily, in some media outlets – of creating a class forever trapped in joblessness or under-employment. Modern Liberalism developed out of the observations and objections made over decades regarding the weaknesses of Classical Liberalism, which, itself, developed as a response to absolute and capricious monarchical greed. It has become embedded in at least one party’s platform in most western nations. Modern Liberalism affects us even today in Canada, and has shaped the development of many aspects of our society, with our health system as just as one example. Bibliography Anderson, M. L. (n.d.). Capitalism and its Critics. Web. Charti sts.net. (2011). Chartism Frequently Asked Questions. Web. Hunt, E. (2003). PROPERTY AND PROPHETS: THE EVOLUTION OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND IDEOLOGY. Armonk, NY, USA: M.E. Sharpe. MonarchUK. (2011). How the Monarchy Works. Web. National Public Radio. (2011, September). The Swerve: How the World Became Modern. Retrieved from NPR Books. Perspectives on Ideology. Perspectives on Ideology. Raico, R. (1992, August). The Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Classical Liberalism, Parts 1, 2, and 3. Web. This essay on How The Emperor Got New Clothes And How They Were Noticed: The Development Of Classical Liberalism And Its Critique By Modern Liberalism was written and submitted by user Katherine Poole to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Causes of The Great Depression †History Research Outline (200 Level Course)

Causes of The Great Depression – History Research Outline (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Causes of The Great Depression History Research Outline (200 Level Course) 1) The world- wide economic disorder following world war I a) WWI had caused vast destruction of property, loss of millions of lives, disruption of trade b) Thus U.S. Depression was part of a world-wide depression 2) High Tariff policies of Twenties Republican Presidents a) Protected US industries from foreign competition, but hurt the economies of nations trying to recover from WWI b) These countries struck by passing high tariffs of there own, thus cutting down on demand for U.S. goods overseas. 3) Lack Of Prosperity among certain groups in the economy a) Not all Americans were sharing in the prosperity of 1922-29 i) African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans not sharing in the prosperity b) Many Factory workers not doing well economically i) Some lost jobs to new machinery ii) Conservative government hostile to labor unions, unions generally ineffective during 1920s iii) Some industries (e.g. coal, textiles, leather) never recovered from post-war depression of early 1920s c) Farmers i) Demand for farm products was falling while farm production was rising, result, falling farm prices, less income for farmers ii) At same time, farmers were going into debt (1) High costs of new farm equipment (2) Mortgage payments for their farms iii) By the time of the Crash of 1929, U.S. agriculture already in a depression 4) Unequal distribution of income a) Wealth was concentrated hand of a relatively few wealthy people; tax cuts favored the wealthy b) Farmers workers in bad shape economically; worked longer hours for not much higher income c) If farmers had received fair prices and if workers had had decent wages, they would have been able to buy businesses’ surplus products. This could have kept businesses from failing and from having to lay off workers 5) Overproduction by industry during 1920s a) Businesses produced more goods than they could sell at a profit; they had surplus inventories b) Thus when Depression began, businesses already had more goods on hand than they could sell. As noted above, they then had to lay off millions of workers. 6) Excessive borrowing of money during 1920s due to easy credit a) People borrowed huge amounts of money to buy goods and services, installment buying was prevalent; buy now pay later b) Business borrowed too much. 7) The Stock Market Crash of 1929 a) Overspeculation in stocks caused stock prices to rise higher and higher during 1927-1929 b) Then in late October 1929 investors panicked and began to sell stock in huge quantities, thus causing stock prices to fall sharply. The value of stocks fell so fast that banks, businesses and private investors lost fortunes; by mid-November 1929, stockholders had lost $30 billion. c) Causes of the Stock Market Crash i) Overspeculation drove stock prices to ridiculously high levels; stock were overvalued ii) Fraudulent stocks: many stocks were sold by companies that existed in name only. iii) Due to lassiez faire, the stock market was largely unregulated by the government iv) Buying stocks on the margin: (1) many people had only paid part of the price of the stocks they were bu8ing, promising to pay the rest later (2) When the market crashed and the value of their stock fell, stockholders still had to pay back the balance of what they owed o the stocks they had purchased. d) Stockholders panicked, and millions tried to sell their stocks at once, this drove prices down even further e) Results of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 i) Businesses lost fortunes, many went bankrupt; businesses laid off millions of workers f) Banks lost fortunes and many failed; many banks could not repay the money businesses and savers had deposited in the bank g) Millions of workers lost their jobs savings, home, etc., and were reduced to a life of poverty and unemployment i) by 1930, 6-7 million unemployed ii) by end of 1933, 12.5 million unemployed Research Papers on Causes of The Great Depression - History Research Outline (200 Level Course)Twilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Ambient music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ambient music - Essay Example This "Ambient music" essay outlines types of ambient music and peculiarities of this genre. This is what Ambient Music is all about. Ambient music is so diverse because it has borrowed extensively from many different cultures. Music is described as "the science or art of incorporating pleasing, expressive or intelligible combinations of vocal and instrumental tones into a composition having definite structure and continuity," or it is otherwise said to be "Vocal or instrumental sounds having rhythm, melody or harmony." (Webster’s dictionary, 3rd New International Dictionary of the English Language) Therefore Ambient Music is a conglomeration of a wide range of rhythm and sounds which have been incorporated to make it richer and more diverse. Webster’s definition of â€Å"Ambient† is "to go around, surround, encompass. An encompassing environment or atmosphere" (Webster’s Dictionary) Ambient music uses other fractal sounds such as the rush of wind, the fall of waves or a waterfall, the rustling of leaves, the sound of birds, the hissing of a snake, the sound of an airplane, or the sound of rain. Therefore it cannot be categorized in a clear cut manner because of its diversity. Different kinds of ambience need different kinds of sounds and music in order to cater effectively or suit the atmosphere where it is played. This type of ambient uses the synthesizer a lot creating a kind of dreamlike or ethereal drifting feeling which is very soothing and lends a peaceful mood to the person who is listening.